雷暴下近地面电特性及其对人工引雷的影响   总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2  

郄秀书  言穆弘 《高原气象》1996,15(3):293-302

利用已建立的一维时变模式，对雷暴下近地面的电特性进行了计算。计算结果表明：由于地面的不规则性所产生的电晕电流密度可达２．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，由此而形成的空间电荷密度在１００ｍ密度以下可达１．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３，传导电流可达３．５ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，并可延伸到１０００ｍ高度，形成０．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３和１．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２的电荷密度和电流密度。  相似文献   

闪电放电通道的三维结构特征   总被引：18，自引：9，他引：9  

张义军  Paul R.Krehbiel  刘欣生  张广庶 《高原气象》2003,22(3):T001-T005

通过对闪电VHF辐射源高时空分辨率的三维观测资料的分析发现,无论云闪还是地闪其时间和空间分布特征可表明雷暴中的基本电荷结构。云内闪电放电不仅发生在上部正电荷区与中部主负电荷区之间,也同样会在中部主负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间发生,除极性相反之外,其它特征是一致的。云闪过程在最初的10一20ms内垂直向上(正常极性)或向下(反极性)发展,之后转为水平方向的传输。在正电荷区辐射点较多,闪电通道清晰;在负电荷区辐射点较少,且从闪电的起始位置以一种倒退的方式水平延伸闪电通道。云闪中的K型击穿不仅发生在闪电的后期,而且还发生在活跃期,并不时发展到正电荷区而触发新的闪电分叉。负地闪首次回击之前的梯级先导过程辐射较强,继后回击前的直窜先导的辐射较弱。回击之间闪电在云内水平发展,通道以细小的分叉为主要特征,其间不时有没有到地的企图先导过程发生。正地闪的先导过程基本没有可探测到的辐射点,在回击之前有一段云内过程,回击之后有更长的云内过程发展,其闪电通道不像负地闪那样精细,在回击之后的最初阶段辐射点较少,而在通道的顶端辐射点反而较多。正负地闪的发生发展特征有很大的不同,表明正、负极性的电荷击穿及传输过程的机制存在明显差异。  相似文献   

北京地区负地闪回击转移的电荷量   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

武智君  郄秀书  王东方  王宇 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(3):247-257

负地闪是闪电危害的主要来源,其对地转移电荷源特征和电荷量不仅对闪电放电机理的研究有重要意义,而且对雷电防护也具有重要的实际应用价值。为了研究具有典型城市下垫面环境的北京地区的闪电活动特征和放电强度,利用北京地区2011年两次雷暴过程的多站GPS(Global Position System)同步闪电地面电场变化定量观测资料,在考虑消除场地和环境因素对电场变化观测资料影响的基础上,基于蒙特卡洛数据处理方法和非线性最小二乘法拟合反演算法,定量研究了负地闪回击中和的电荷源位置和电荷量,并对回击特征与回击转移电荷源之间的关系进行了讨论,得到如下结果:(1)单次回击中和的电荷量为1.1~27.6 C,平均为8.6±5.2 C,不同序数回击转移电荷量的最小值基本不随回击序数的上升而变化,最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小;一次负地闪中和的总电荷量随着回击数的增加而增加。(2)负地闪回击数和回击时间间隔都呈对数正态分布,其中负地闪总数70.4%的多回击负地闪其回击间隔平均为99±95 ms,不同序数回击的时间间隔最小值随回击序数的上升基本不变,时间间隔最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小。(3)回击转移电荷量的均值随回击间隔的增加呈波动形式的逐渐上升;相邻回击转移电荷源的空间距离均值随回击间隔的增加而增大。  相似文献   

The electrification of dust-lofting gust fronts (‘haboobs’) in the Sahel     

E. Williams  N. Nathou  E. Hicks  C. Pontikis  B. Russell  M. Miller  M.J. Bartholomew 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):292-298

Two Doppler radars and a suite of auxiliary surface observations are used to document the electrical, aerosol and aerodynamic properties of dust-lofting gust fronts near Niamey, Niger during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis). Electrification with dominant negative polarity is a common behavior, consistent with earlier studies on dust devils and the Harmattan wind in dry environments.  相似文献   

On the generation of charge layers in MCS stratiform regions     

A.A. Evtushenko  E.A. Mareev   《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):272-280

We suggest a quantitative one-dimensional model treating the formation of charge layers near the 0 °C isotherm in stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems. A number of factors principal for the field generation have been taken into account: both non-inductive and inductive melting charging, light ions, a complicated profile of the vertical air velocity near the 0 °С isotherm, the boundary conditions proper for the horizontally extended systems in the global electric circuit. Non-inductive collisional charging near the 0 °C isotherm was not considered. It was found that both non-inductive and inductive melting mechanisms can contribute; the inductive melting charging of ice aggregates was found more preferable, while the contribution of non-inductive mechanisms might be significant depending on particular conditions. The role of light ions in the formation of the positive charge layer near the 0 °C isotherm may be important. If the advection from the convective region ensures charge inflow to the upper charged layers, the melting charging mechanisms are able to explain an observable electric field structure in the whole stratiform region. It is important that the mutual position of the zero point on the vertical air velocity profile and the point of maximum melting-charge-transfer determines the fine structure of the electric field in the vicinity of the 0 °C isotherm.  相似文献   

Fine-resolution simulation of cloud-to-ground lightning and thundercloud charge transfer   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shanchang Tao  Yongbo Tan  Baoyou Zhu  Ming Ma  Weitao Lu 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):360-370

2-D 12.5 m-resolution simulations of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge processes have been performed using an improved stochastic lightning model for different types of cloud charge distributions, such as dipole, tripole, bi-dipole and multi-layer charge structures produced from the numerical simulation of thundercloud electrification. The modelling produced the fine branched channel structure of CG lightning and the results illustrate the relations between CG lightning channel propagation and cloud charge distribution. The simulated features of CG lightning are associated with the observed results. The simulation studies are essential in our understanding of complex charge transfer processes caused by CG lightning discharges in thunderclouds. The induced charges of opposite polarity are deposited or embedded in the local volumes where the bidirectional leaders passed during a CG lightning discharge. Although the embedding affects charge structure only in a pair of significant positive and negative charge regions closest to the ground, the electric field strength acutely weakens and electrostatic energy in thunderclouds is significantly consumed when the discharge terminates. In addition to simulating the upward and downward breakdown of the initial leader to ground and the ensuing return stroke (RS), the simulation assumes that current continues to flow in the channel to ground and determines the upward breakdown until the end of the discharge. For the subsequent discharge sub-process, the upward leader channel tends to transfer the charges with the same polarity as the RS, while the downward leader channel favors transfer of opposite charge to ground. In the sub-processes of a few CG flash simulations, the magnitude of the opposite charges from the downward leader exceeds that of charges with the same polarity from the upward leader so that the net charges transferred to the ground have a reversed polarity to the RS. The simulation presents similar features of CG lightning as those observed in realistic bipolar CG lightning.  相似文献   

Intracloud discharge and the correlated basic charge structure of a thunderstorm in Zhongchuan, a Chinese Inland Plateau region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

H. Cui  X. Qie  Q. Zhang  T. Zhang  G. Zhang  J. Yang 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):425-429

The intracloud (IC) discharge is closely related to the charge structure of thunderstorms. The location, charge moment and polarity of intracloud discharges have been analyzed by using the electric field changes from a 7-site network of slow antennas synchronized by GPS with 1 μs time resolution in the area of Zhongchuan in the Chinese Inland Plateau. Ten IC flashes, from a storm on August 20, 2004, have been fitted by using the non-linear least-square solution. The results show that five IC flashes occurred between the main negative charge region and the lower positive charge region and other five between the main negative charge region and the upper positive charge region during the mature stage of the thunderstorm. The centers of discharge were 3.2–5.6 km and 6.8–7.7 km above sea level. The neutralized moments were about 4.56–61.0 C km and 1.06–15.9 C km. It suggests that the charge structure related to the lightning discharge can be represented by a tripole but with a strong positive charge region in the lower part of the thunderstorm, with the lower positive charge region taking an active role in the discharge.  相似文献   

甘肃中川地区云闪的多站同步观测及雷暴的等效电荷结构   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

崔海华  郄秀书  张其林  张廷龙  张广庶  赵阳  孔祥贞  袁铁  杨静  张彤 《高原气象》2009,28(4):808-815

利用甘肃中川地区GPS同步的7个测站闪电慢天线获得的电场变化资料, 通过非线性最小二乘法对2004年8月20日一次雷暴过程中的10次云闪进行了拟合分析, 估算了其所中和的电矩、 取向及空间位置等参量。结果表明, 其中5次云闪是雷暴云中部主负电荷区与其下部正电荷区之间的放电, 另外5次是中部主负电荷区与其上部正电荷区之间的放电, 对应的放电中心的海拔高度分别在3.2~5.6 km和6.8~7.7 km, 中和电矩分别约为4.56~61.0 C·km和 1.06~15.9 C·km。发生在雷暴云上部正电荷区与中部主负电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩较发生在雷暴云中部主负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间的闪电所中和电矩小。结果证实了中国内陆高原地区雷暴云的上部和下部有两个正电荷区存在, 与闪电放电相联系的雷暴云电荷结构可用简化的三极性来代表。  相似文献   

Influence of Soil Aging and Stabilization with Compost on Zn and Cu Fractionation,Stability, and Mobility          下载免费PDF全文

Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin  Dorota Kulikowska 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2016,44(3):272-283

  相似文献   

层状盐岩蠕变变形相互作用研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

王安明  李小根  杨春和  黄志全 《岩土力学》2010,31(12):3964-3969

考虑泥岩夹层和盐岩的弹性性质和稳态蠕变性质,通过数值试验方法计算层状复合盐岩体在单轴和低围压三轴荷载作用下蠕变变形过程中力学相互作用和变形时效规律,分析泥岩夹层和盐岩层因蠕变率不匹配对层状盐岩蠕变的影响,初步讨论了层状复合岩体的复合材料研究方法。结果表明,层状盐岩中泥岩夹层与盐岩因弹性参数不匹配产生的初始应力集中在蠕变过程中发生松弛,因泥岩夹层与盐岩层蠕变率不匹配导致两者之间应力重分布,泥岩夹层对盐岩层的蠕变有明显抑制作用。这些分析体现了层状盐岩蠕变过程的非线性性质,为建立层状盐岩体合理本构模型奠定了基础。  相似文献